What is the relationship between solar activity and Earth's global temperature?

The relationship between solar activity and Earth's global temperature is well-documented in climate science. Solar activity influences Earth's climate through variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching the planet. Periods of increased solar activity can lead to a rise in the solar constant, the amount of solar energy received at Earth, resulting in warming. Conversely, during periods of low solar activity, such as the Maunder Minimum, a decrease in solar radiation can correlate with cooler global temperatures.

While solar activity is not the sole driver of climate change, it is connected to the overall temperature trends observed over time. Studies have shown that variations in the Sun’s output can contribute to long-term changes in climate, especially when considered alongside other factors like greenhouse gas emissions and volcanic eruptions. Although the effects of solar activity can be modulated by other significant influences, it remains an important factor in understanding historical and current climate dynamics.