What are some health effects of long-term exposure to air pollutants?

Long-term exposure to air pollutants is linked to a range of serious health effects. Chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), can arise from consistent contact with harmful airborne particles. Pollutants like particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide can irritate the lungs and contribute to long-term lung damage, leading to respiratory issues.

Additionally, air pollution is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Pollutants can enter the bloodstream, leading to inflammation and damage to blood vessels. This can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Another significant consequence of prolonged exposure to these pollutants is the increased mortality rate, which reflects a general decline in health, especially among vulnerable populations such as the elderly and those with pre-existing health conditions.

The other options present misleading benefits or incorrect outcomes. For example, the idea of improved circulation or enhanced lung capacity contradicts established knowledge about air pollutants deteriorating lung function. Similarly, temporary relief or increased energy and immunity misrepresents the long-term consequences of continuous exposure, which are predominantly harmful rather than beneficial.